Rashidun
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The Rashidun were either elected by a council (see The election of Uthman and ... In addition to this there are several views regarding additional rashidun. ...
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Rashidun Caliphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Rashidun empire expended gradually, with the time span of 24 years of ... Rashidun Caliphate army under the command of Umar's appointed general Nu'man ibn ...
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Rashidun -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Rashidun: (Arabic: "Rightly Guided," or "Perfect"), the first four caliphs of the Isl?mic community, known in Muslim ...
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Rashidun
The Rashidun were either elected by a council (see The election of Uthman and ... In addition to this there are several views regarding additional rashidun. ...
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Rashidun: Information from Answers.com
Rashidun First four caliph s of the Islamic community: Ab u Bakr , 'Umar ibn al-Kha t t a b , 'Uthm a n ibn 'Aff a n , and 'Al i
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Compendium of Muslim Texts
Explains the Muslim concept of Caliph, and profiles the first four who succeeded the Prophet Muhammad; ... The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (Al-Khulafa-ur-Rashidun) ...
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The Prophet and the Rashidun (570-661)
Muhammad ibn Abdallah was born in Mecca in 570. He had his first ... four caliphs to succeed Muhammad were known as the rashidun, the "rightly guided" ...
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IslamPeace-IUT Al Rashidun - Governing Authority -Hamburg - Almanya ...
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Rashidun | English | Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
Rashidun. Dictionary terms for Rashidun in English, English definition for ... Rashidun ... Define Rashidun. Translate Rashidun ...
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Rashidun - Facts, Encyclopedia Article, and Discussion Forum
Rashidun ... about 'Rashidun' 'Rashidun' discussion forum ... The Rashidun made significant conquests, and brought large areas under the fold of Islam. ...
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the Abbasid Dynasty. It is a reference to the Sunni tradition, "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood).http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/taraweeh.htm
In trying to identify who these Caliphs are, jurists historically identified the first four Caliphs of Islam along with a number of others through Muslim history up to 1924.
History The first four often quoted Caliphs who ruled after the death of Muhammad are often quoted as the Khulafah Rashidun.
The Rashidun were chosen either through councils or based on the wishes of their predecessor. In the order of succession, the rashidun were:
- Abu Bakr (632-634 A.D.)
- Umar ibn al-Khattab, (Umar І) (634-644 A.D.)
- Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 A.D.)
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 A.D.)
Hassan ibn Ali appointed as a ruler of Iraq in 661, is also regarded as a righteous ruler.In addition to this there are several views regarding additional rashidun. Umar bin Abdul Aziz (Umar ІІ), who was one of the Ummayyad caliphs, is sometimes regarded as one of the Rashidun and is quoted by Taftazani. In the Ibadhi tradition, only Abu Bakr and Umar are considered to be the Two Rightly Guided Caliphs. Suleiman the Magnificent and Abdul Hamid I of the Ottoman period are regarded by some to be amongst the rightly guided Caliphs.
Ibn Hajr al-Asqalani includes the Khulafah of the Bani Abbas (i.e., the Abbassids) in his enumeration.
Abu Bakr Soon after Muhammad's death a gathering of prominent Ansar (Islam) and some of the Muhajirun, in Medina, acclaimed Abu Bakr as the Succession to Muhammad or the Caliph.
Following his succession, various Arab tribes rebelled against Abu Bakr, refusing to Bay'ah to anyone other than Muhammad. Abu Bakr insisted that allegiance to Muhammad meant loyalty to the Muslim state, of which he was the new head. This was the start of the Ridda wars (Arabic language for the Wars of Apostasy).
After restoring peace in Arabia, Abu Bakr directed his generals towards the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire empires.
Some traditions about the origin of the Qur'an say that Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserving it in written form, as he was the first to order the collection of the sacred revelations.
Abu Bakr died in 634 in Medina, naming Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor shortly before his death.
Umar ibn al-Khattab Umar was named as a successor by Abu Bakr. During Umar's reign Muslims conquered Mesopotamia, parts of Persian Empire, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia.
Umar (in English usually called Omar) was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In 639, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year 17 since the Hijra, he decreed that the years of the Islamic era should be counted from the year of the Hijraand.
`Umar died in 644, after he was stabbed by Abu-Lu'lu'ah in the Masjid al Nabawi mosque in Medina.
Whilst on his deathbed, he was urged to select a successor, which he refused to do. He did however put a process in place for selection of a successor. This comprised the remaining members of the ten companions promised paradise (asahara mubashara) to elect from amongst themselves a Caliph within 3 days. The result of this process following his death was Uthman ibn Affan.
Uthman ibn Affan Uthman (in English often called Othman) reigned for twelve years, and during his rule, all of Iran, most of North Africa, the Caucasus and Cyprus were conquered and incorporated into the Islamic empire. His rule was characterized by increasingly centralized control of revenues from the provinces, aided by governors drawn largely from his kinsmen in the Umayyad clan. Uthman appointed many of his kinsmen as governors of the new domains. Some of his governors were accused of corruption and misrule.
Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which compiled the basic text of the Qur'an as it exists today. During the end of his reign, Uthman ordered the compilation of the text. He sent copies of the sacred text to each of the Muslim cities and garrison towns.
Uthman was killed after a twenty day long Siege of Uthman headed by Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr.
Ali ibn Abi Talib After the death of Uthman, Medina was in political chaos for a number of days. Many of the companions approached Ali to take the role of Caliph, which he refused to do initially.
After his appointment as caliph, Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with trusted aides such as Malik ibn Ashter . Ali then transferred his capital from Medina to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in what is now Iraq. The capital of the province of Syria, Damascus, was held by Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria and a kinsman of Uthman, Ali's slain predecessor.
According to tradition, three Muslim zealots (purists later termed Kharijites) attempted to assassinate Ali, Mu'awiyah and `Amr, as the authors of disastrous feuds among the faithful. However, only the assassination of Ali succeeded. He died on the 21st of Ramadan in the city of Kufa (Iraq) in 661 CE.
Military expansion During the period of the rashidun, Islam became one of the most powerful states in the Middle East.
Social policies During his regin, Abu Bakr established the Bayt al-Mal or the state treasury. Umar expanded the treasury and established government building to administer the state finances.Nadvi (2000), pg. 411
Upon conquest, in almost all cases, the caliphs were burdened with the maintenance and construction of roads and bridges in return for the conquered nation's political loyalty.Nadvi (2000), pg. 408
Civil activities Civil welfare in Islam started in the form of the construction and purchase of wells. During the Caliphate, the Muslims reparied many of the aging wells in the lands they conquered.Nadvi (2000), pg. 403-4
In addition to wells, the Muslims built many tanks and canals. Many canals were purchased, and new ones constructed. While some canals were excluded for the use of monks (such as a spring purchased by Talha), and the needy, most canals were open to general public use. Some canals were constructed between settlements, such as the Saad canal that provided water to Anbar, and the Abi Musa Canal to providing water to Basra.Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6
During a famine, Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered the construction of a canal in Egypt connecting the Nile with the sea. The purpose of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia through a sea-route, hitherto transported only by land. The canal was constructed within a year by Amr bin al Aas, and Abdus Salam Nadiv writes, Arabia was rid of famine for all the times to come."Nadvi (2000), pg. 407-8
After four floods hit Mecca after Muhammad's death, Umar ordered the construction of two dams to protect the Kaaba. He also constructed a dam near Madina to protect its fountains from flooding.Nadvi (2000), pg. 408
Settlements The area of Basra was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of Umar, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected.
Upon the conquest of Madyan, it was settled by Muslims. However, soon the environment was considered harsh and Umar ordered the resettlement of the 40,000 settlers to Kufa. The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks, instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region, but caught fire easily.
During the conquest of Egypt the area of Fustat was used by the Muslim army as a base. Upon the conquest of Alexandria, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Initially the land was primarily used for pasture, but later buildings were constructed.Nadvi (2000), pg. 416-7
Other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At Mosul, Harthama Arfaja, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population.Nadvi (2000), pg. 418
Muslim views The first four caliphs are particularly significant to modern intra-Islamic debates: for Sunni Muslims, they are models of righteous rule; for Shia Muslims, the first three of the four were usurpers.
Sunni perspectives They are called so because they have been seen as model Muslim leaders by Sunni Muslims. This terminology came into a general use around the world, since Sunni Islam has been the dominant Islamic tradition, and for a long time it has been considered the most authoritative source of information about Islam in the Western world.
They were all close Sahaba of Muhammad, and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar were married to Muhammad, and three of Muhammad's daughters were married to Uthman and Ali. Likewise, their succession was not inheritance, something that would become the custom after them, beginning with the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate. Council decision or caliph's choice determines the successor originally.
Shi'a tradition According to Shi'a Islam, the first caliph should have been Ali followed by the Shi'a Imams. Shi'a Muslims support this claim with the Hadith of the pond of Khumm. Another reason for this support for Ali as the first caliph is because he was the first cousin of Muhammad and was married to Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. Shi'as believe that the caliphate should have stayed in the family. Starting with Muhammad, to Ali, to the grandsons of Muhammad Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali (Muhammad had no surviving sons of his own) and so on.
Timeline Please note that the years of Caliphs succession do not fall exactly on newyears lines.ImageSize = width:700 height:120PlotArea = width:680 height:60 left:10 bottom:20
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Period = from:630 till:665TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:630ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:632
BarData= bar:barre1
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) shift:(0,-5)
bar:barre1 from: 632 till: 634 color:orange text:[Abu Bakr from: 634 till: 644 color:yellow text:[Umar ibn al-Khattab from: 644 till: 656 color:blue text:[Uthman ibn Affan from: 656 till: 661 color:red text:[Ali ibn Abi Talib
Notes
See also
- The Four Companions
- The Ten Promised Paradise
Rashidun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs (الخلفاء الراشدون transliteration: al-Kh ulafā’ur-Rā sh idūn) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the ...
Rashidun Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Islamic Empire (الامبراطورية الاسلامية) or Rashidun Empire or Rashidun Caliphate ( الخلافة الراشدية) is the term conventionally used to ...
Rashidun definition of Rashidun in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia article about Rashidun. Information about Rashidun in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
Khulafa al-Rashidun definition of Khulafa al-Rashidun in the Free ...
Encyclopedia article about Khulafa al-Rashidun. Information about Khulafa al-Rashidun in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
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Ad nan Ma'add Nizar Mudar Rabee'ah Inmar Iyad Ilyas Aylan Mudrika Tanijah Qamah Khozema Hudhayl Kanana Asad Asadah Hawn Nazar Malik Abd ...
Rashidun -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Rashidun: (Arabic: “Rightly Guided,” or “Perfect”), the first four caliphs of the Islāmic community, known in Muslim history as ...
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Rashidun is a weekend Islamic school for children aiming to provide an Islamic education to children aged 6 and above. It is a project of Ebrahim al-Khalil Trust and will implement ...
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USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (Al-Khulafa-ur-Rashidun) Those Caliphs who truly followed in the Prophet's foot steps are called 'The Rightly-Guided Caliphs' (Al-Khulafa-ur Rashidun in ...